chapter 18 879. documents 922

Comparing colonial economies
Colonial rule affected the lives if its subject people in many ways but the most pronounced change was in their ways of working. The colonial state with its power to tax to seize land for Europeans enterprise to compel labor and build railroads ports and roads played an important role in the transformation. Even more powerful was the growing integration of Asian and African societies into a world economy that increasing demanded their gold, diamonds, copper, tin, rubber,coffee, cotton,sugar,cocoa, and many other products. But the economy transformations was bro of these twins pressures were far from uniforms. Many groups migrant workers and cash crops farmers, plantations laborers and domestic servants grab elites and day labors men and women experienced the colonial era differently as their daily working lives underwent profound changes.
The various degrees old ways of working were erode almost everywhere in the colonial world. Subsistence farming which was peasant families produced largely for their own needs demising as growing numbers directed at least some of their energies to working for wages or selling what they produced for a cash income. The money was both necessary to pay taxes and school fees and useful for being the various products such as machine produced textiles and bicycles that frat when chapter machines manufactured merchandise displaced their own hand made goods.

Forced Labor and the power of the state
Many of the new ways of working that emerged during the colonial era derived directly from the demands of the colonial state. The most obvious was required and unpaid labor on public projects such as buildings, railroads, and transporting goods. In French Africa all natives were legally obligated for statute labor of ten to twelve days a year a practice that lasted through 1946. It was much resented. The most infamous cruelties of forced labor occurred during the early twentieth century in the Congo Free state,then governed personally by king leopold the second of belgium. Eventually such outrages were widely publicized in Europe, where they crated a scandal forcing the Belgian government to take control of the congo in 1908 and ending leopards reign of terror.

Visual 18.3
In North America the primary European rivalries for territory involved Great Britain, France which came to control Tunisia, Algeria. This image appeared in the Cairo Punch a british owned magazine in Egypt published in Arabic probably around 1910. The visual 18.4 refers to two incidents. On the British side the cartoon evokes a 1906 between British soldiers hunting pigeons and local villages of Denshway. The following year in Morocco, French civilians building a small railroad near the labor of casablanca dug up parts of a muslim cemetery.

chapter 17 pg 862-877

Thrift
In England it is one of the richest countries in the world. There is an accumulation of wealth in the country to which past times can offer no parallel. The bank is filled with gold, there is no food in the empire,nor money either. There is no end to the manufacturing productions for the steam engine never tires. Notwithstanding with all this wealth, there is a big mass of poverty. Reporters constantly revealed to them as miseries endured by certain portions of the work populations. They have described the people employed in factories, workshops, mines and brickfield as in the pursuits of the country life. Much of the existing misery is caused by the selfishness by the greed to accumulate wealth on the one hand and on the other.


Art and the industrial revolution
In the mid 19th centuries the industrial revolution and a growing global empire had generated for many people in Great Britain feelings of big pride, achievement, and superiority. Nowhere did it register more clearly than in the crystal palace exhibition in 1851. It was held in London the exhibition was housed in a big structure made of cast iron and glass constructed in only nine months. It attracted more than 6 million visitors and contained 14,000 exhibits from all around the world. The most prominent symbol of the industrial revolution was the railroads. It was a thing of wonder, power, and speed. The iron railroad provided a magicians road.

chapter 17

The laboring classes; some were 70% or more were neither aristocrats nor members of the middle class. They were manual workers in the mines, ports, factories,contrition site, workshops and farms of an industrializing Britain. Their conditions tried and changed over time it was laboring classes who suffers most and benefit least from the epic transformations of the industrial revolution. The lives of the laboring classes were shaped primarily by the new working conditions of the industrial era. Chief among the conditions was rapid urbanization's. By 1851 a majority of Britons population lived in towns and cities and a big change from the overwhelming rural life of almost all previous civilizations. Later London was the worlds largest city with more than 6 million inhabitants. The cities were mostly over crowded and smoky with inadequate sanitation, endless row houses and ware houses and often polluted water supplies. This was the environment most of the urban workers lived in the first half of the 19th century. Then the industrial factories grew numbers of desperate people looked for employment offered a work environment far different from the artisans shop or the tents farm. In the early decades the 19th century britains industrialist favored girls and young unmarried women as employees in the mills. A gendered hierarchy of labor emerged in the factories with men supervisory and more skilled positions while women occupied the less skilled and lighter jobs. Women weren't welcome in the unions that offered men ability.

chapter 16 pg798-811

At the end of the Atlantic slavery during the nineteenth century surely marked a major and quite rapid turn in the world's social history and in the moral thinking of husband kind. The outcomes of that was the process were surprising and far from the expectations of abolitionists or the newly freed slaves. The former slaves lives did not improve dramatically. Nowhere in the Atlantic world except Haiti. The understandable of former slaves to continue working in plantation agriculture created labor shortage and set in motion. Newly freed people did not achieve anything close to political equality except in Haiti. White planters and farmers retained local authority in the Caribbean. In the southern U.S. a period of "radical reconstruction" happened.

chapter 16

The Atlantic revolution in North America, France, Haiti and Latin America took place in a large amount of the global framework. They occurred in the context of expensive wars, weakening states and destabilizing process of commercialization. The Atlantic revolution were destabilizing in various ways compared to the upheavals elsewhere. The wars that strained European imperial states like Britain, France, Spain were all global rather than regional. Then the Atlantic revolutions were distinctive in that they were closely connect to each other. The Atlantic revolution shared a set of common ideas. The ideas is that the Atlantic revolution derived from the European Enlightenment and were shared across the ocean in newspaper, books, and pamphlets. Human political and social arrangements could be engineered and improved by human action.

chapter 15 740-752

The science and enlightenment is that the scientific revolution spread to a wider European public during the 18th century. Novel techniques was added like the prisoning and bookmaking by a popular press, growing literacy and by a host of scientific societies. The numbers of people believed that the long term outcome of scientific development would be enlightenment; a term to define the 18th century in european history. European enlightenment thinkers shared this belief in the lower of knowledge to transform human society. They share a satirical style a commitment to open mindedness and inquiry and various degrees a hostility to establish the divine rights of kings and the privileges of Europeans society.

chapter 15

Europeans were central players in the globalization of christianity and the emergence of the modern science. They did not act alone in the cultural transformation of the early modern era. Asian, African, North American people largely determined that christianity would escape as it entered the new cultural environments. Christianity began to compete with a world religion. Buddhism held on to east asai just like hinduism in south asa. The cultural interactions of the early modern era did not take place on a one way street then the globalization of christianity; Christianity was limited to Europe at the beginning of the early modern ear. Christianity was seriously divided between the Roman Catholics of Western and Central Europe and Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia.