chapter 18 879. documents 922

Comparing colonial economies
Colonial rule affected the lives if its subject people in many ways but the most pronounced change was in their ways of working. The colonial state with its power to tax to seize land for Europeans enterprise to compel labor and build railroads ports and roads played an important role in the transformation. Even more powerful was the growing integration of Asian and African societies into a world economy that increasing demanded their gold, diamonds, copper, tin, rubber,coffee, cotton,sugar,cocoa, and many other products. But the economy transformations was bro of these twins pressures were far from uniforms. Many groups migrant workers and cash crops farmers, plantations laborers and domestic servants grab elites and day labors men and women experienced the colonial era differently as their daily working lives underwent profound changes.
The various degrees old ways of working were erode almost everywhere in the colonial world. Subsistence farming which was peasant families produced largely for their own needs demising as growing numbers directed at least some of their energies to working for wages or selling what they produced for a cash income. The money was both necessary to pay taxes and school fees and useful for being the various products such as machine produced textiles and bicycles that frat when chapter machines manufactured merchandise displaced their own hand made goods.

Forced Labor and the power of the state
Many of the new ways of working that emerged during the colonial era derived directly from the demands of the colonial state. The most obvious was required and unpaid labor on public projects such as buildings, railroads, and transporting goods. In French Africa all natives were legally obligated for statute labor of ten to twelve days a year a practice that lasted through 1946. It was much resented. The most infamous cruelties of forced labor occurred during the early twentieth century in the Congo Free state,then governed personally by king leopold the second of belgium. Eventually such outrages were widely publicized in Europe, where they crated a scandal forcing the Belgian government to take control of the congo in 1908 and ending leopards reign of terror.

Visual 18.3
In North America the primary European rivalries for territory involved Great Britain, France which came to control Tunisia, Algeria. This image appeared in the Cairo Punch a british owned magazine in Egypt published in Arabic probably around 1910. The visual 18.4 refers to two incidents. On the British side the cartoon evokes a 1906 between British soldiers hunting pigeons and local villages of Denshway. The following year in Morocco, French civilians building a small railroad near the labor of casablanca dug up parts of a muslim cemetery.