chapter 19 and documents

The failure of conservative modernization
Chinese authorities were not passive in the face of their countries mounting crises, both internal and external. Known as self strengthening their policies during the 1860s and 1870s to a traditional china while borrowing cautiously from the west. An overhauled examination system designed to recruit qualifies candidates for official positions sought the good men who could cope with the massive reconstruction that china faced i the wake of the taiping rebellion. Support for landlords and the repair of dikes and irrigation helped restore rural social and economics order. A few industrial factories producing textiles and steel were established coal mines were expanded and telegraph system was initiated. One Chinese general in the 1863 confessed his humiliation that the "Chinese weapons are far inferior to those of foreign counties". A number of modern arsenals, shippers and foreign language schools sought to remedy this deficiency.

The general failures of self strengthening became apparent at the end of the century when an anti foreign movement known as the boxer uprising erupted in the northern china.  It was led by militia organizations calling themselves the society of fighters and harmonious fists the boxers killed numerous europeans and Chinese christians and laid siege to the foreign embassies in Beijing.
The growing numbers of educated Chinese including many official elite positions became highly disillusioned with the Qing dynasty which was both foreign and ineffective in protecting china. By the late 1890s such people were organizing a variety of clubs study groups and newspapers to examine chinas desperate situation and to explore alternative paths. The names of these organizations reflect their outlook the national rejuvenation study society, society to protect the nation, and understand the national shame society. They believed that a truly unified nation in which rulers and ruled were closely related could dave china from dismemberment at the hands of foreign imperialists.

The sick man of Europe
In 1750 the Ottoman Empire was still the central political fixture of a widespread islamic world. From its Turkish heartland in Anatolia it ruled over much of the Arab world, from which Islam had come. It protected pilgrims on their way to Mecca governed Egypt and coastal North Africa, and incorporated millions of christians in the Balkans. The Ottoman Empires own domains shrank considerably at the hands of Russia British, and the French. In 1798 napoleons invasions of Egypt which had long been a province of the Ottoman Empire was early stunning blow.

Edict on Education
Our scholars are now without solid and practical education our artisan are without scientific instructors when compared with other countries. We soon see hoe weak we are. Does anyone think that our troops are as well drilled or as well led as those of the foreign armies? Or that we can successfully stand against them? Changes must be made to accord with the necessities of the time. Keeping in mind the morals of the sages and wise men we must them the basis on which to build newer and better structures.

chapter 18 879. documents 922

Comparing colonial economies
Colonial rule affected the lives if its subject people in many ways but the most pronounced change was in their ways of working. The colonial state with its power to tax to seize land for Europeans enterprise to compel labor and build railroads ports and roads played an important role in the transformation. Even more powerful was the growing integration of Asian and African societies into a world economy that increasing demanded their gold, diamonds, copper, tin, rubber,coffee, cotton,sugar,cocoa, and many other products. But the economy transformations was bro of these twins pressures were far from uniforms. Many groups migrant workers and cash crops farmers, plantations laborers and domestic servants grab elites and day labors men and women experienced the colonial era differently as their daily working lives underwent profound changes.
The various degrees old ways of working were erode almost everywhere in the colonial world. Subsistence farming which was peasant families produced largely for their own needs demising as growing numbers directed at least some of their energies to working for wages or selling what they produced for a cash income. The money was both necessary to pay taxes and school fees and useful for being the various products such as machine produced textiles and bicycles that frat when chapter machines manufactured merchandise displaced their own hand made goods.

Forced Labor and the power of the state
Many of the new ways of working that emerged during the colonial era derived directly from the demands of the colonial state. The most obvious was required and unpaid labor on public projects such as buildings, railroads, and transporting goods. In French Africa all natives were legally obligated for statute labor of ten to twelve days a year a practice that lasted through 1946. It was much resented. The most infamous cruelties of forced labor occurred during the early twentieth century in the Congo Free state,then governed personally by king leopold the second of belgium. Eventually such outrages were widely publicized in Europe, where they crated a scandal forcing the Belgian government to take control of the congo in 1908 and ending leopards reign of terror.

Visual 18.3
In North America the primary European rivalries for territory involved Great Britain, France which came to control Tunisia, Algeria. This image appeared in the Cairo Punch a british owned magazine in Egypt published in Arabic probably around 1910. The visual 18.4 refers to two incidents. On the British side the cartoon evokes a 1906 between British soldiers hunting pigeons and local villages of Denshway. The following year in Morocco, French civilians building a small railroad near the labor of casablanca dug up parts of a muslim cemetery.