chapter 17 pg 862-877

Thrift
In England it is one of the richest countries in the world. There is an accumulation of wealth in the country to which past times can offer no parallel. The bank is filled with gold, there is no food in the empire,nor money either. There is no end to the manufacturing productions for the steam engine never tires. Notwithstanding with all this wealth, there is a big mass of poverty. Reporters constantly revealed to them as miseries endured by certain portions of the work populations. They have described the people employed in factories, workshops, mines and brickfield as in the pursuits of the country life. Much of the existing misery is caused by the selfishness by the greed to accumulate wealth on the one hand and on the other.


Art and the industrial revolution
In the mid 19th centuries the industrial revolution and a growing global empire had generated for many people in Great Britain feelings of big pride, achievement, and superiority. Nowhere did it register more clearly than in the crystal palace exhibition in 1851. It was held in London the exhibition was housed in a big structure made of cast iron and glass constructed in only nine months. It attracted more than 6 million visitors and contained 14,000 exhibits from all around the world. The most prominent symbol of the industrial revolution was the railroads. It was a thing of wonder, power, and speed. The iron railroad provided a magicians road.

chapter 17

The laboring classes; some were 70% or more were neither aristocrats nor members of the middle class. They were manual workers in the mines, ports, factories,contrition site, workshops and farms of an industrializing Britain. Their conditions tried and changed over time it was laboring classes who suffers most and benefit least from the epic transformations of the industrial revolution. The lives of the laboring classes were shaped primarily by the new working conditions of the industrial era. Chief among the conditions was rapid urbanization's. By 1851 a majority of Britons population lived in towns and cities and a big change from the overwhelming rural life of almost all previous civilizations. Later London was the worlds largest city with more than 6 million inhabitants. The cities were mostly over crowded and smoky with inadequate sanitation, endless row houses and ware houses and often polluted water supplies. This was the environment most of the urban workers lived in the first half of the 19th century. Then the industrial factories grew numbers of desperate people looked for employment offered a work environment far different from the artisans shop or the tents farm. In the early decades the 19th century britains industrialist favored girls and young unmarried women as employees in the mills. A gendered hierarchy of labor emerged in the factories with men supervisory and more skilled positions while women occupied the less skilled and lighter jobs. Women weren't welcome in the unions that offered men ability.

chapter 16 pg798-811

At the end of the Atlantic slavery during the nineteenth century surely marked a major and quite rapid turn in the world's social history and in the moral thinking of husband kind. The outcomes of that was the process were surprising and far from the expectations of abolitionists or the newly freed slaves. The former slaves lives did not improve dramatically. Nowhere in the Atlantic world except Haiti. The understandable of former slaves to continue working in plantation agriculture created labor shortage and set in motion. Newly freed people did not achieve anything close to political equality except in Haiti. White planters and farmers retained local authority in the Caribbean. In the southern U.S. a period of "radical reconstruction" happened.

chapter 16

The Atlantic revolution in North America, France, Haiti and Latin America took place in a large amount of the global framework. They occurred in the context of expensive wars, weakening states and destabilizing process of commercialization. The Atlantic revolution were destabilizing in various ways compared to the upheavals elsewhere. The wars that strained European imperial states like Britain, France, Spain were all global rather than regional. Then the Atlantic revolutions were distinctive in that they were closely connect to each other. The Atlantic revolution shared a set of common ideas. The ideas is that the Atlantic revolution derived from the European Enlightenment and were shared across the ocean in newspaper, books, and pamphlets. Human political and social arrangements could be engineered and improved by human action.

chapter 15 740-752

The science and enlightenment is that the scientific revolution spread to a wider European public during the 18th century. Novel techniques was added like the prisoning and bookmaking by a popular press, growing literacy and by a host of scientific societies. The numbers of people believed that the long term outcome of scientific development would be enlightenment; a term to define the 18th century in european history. European enlightenment thinkers shared this belief in the lower of knowledge to transform human society. They share a satirical style a commitment to open mindedness and inquiry and various degrees a hostility to establish the divine rights of kings and the privileges of Europeans society.

chapter 15

Europeans were central players in the globalization of christianity and the emergence of the modern science. They did not act alone in the cultural transformation of the early modern era. Asian, African, North American people largely determined that christianity would escape as it entered the new cultural environments. Christianity began to compete with a world religion. Buddhism held on to east asai just like hinduism in south asa. The cultural interactions of the early modern era did not take place on a one way street then the globalization of christianity; Christianity was limited to Europe at the beginning of the early modern ear. Christianity was seriously divided between the Roman Catholics of Western and Central Europe and Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe and Russia.